Mechanism of neurotransmission Analysis Paper

This is the initial step in synaptic transmission. Various neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine, ACh) are attached to the axon while others (e.g. neuropeptides) are produced by the cell body. Acetylcholine is produced within the axon and the precursors (acetate, choline) are transported into the cell by membrane channels or created as one of the byproducts of another metabolism. Precursors are involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the presence of the enzyme (choline acetyltransferase) which is transported from the cell body of the neuron to the axon terminal.

Endogenous Opioids:
Endogenous opioids are the neuropeptides (a major neurotransmitter) produced within the cell body in order to facilitate the formation of peptide bonds. It is synthesized like any other secretory protein by transcribing in the nucleus and translating into protein in the endoplasmic reticulum before being transported to a synaptic port ready for exocytosis. Once synthesized, neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles neurons and when an action potential is initiated, it is released.In this manner, neurotransmitters transmit information about our nature and internal conditions from neurons to the other through brain cycles and, ultimately, alter our response. The interaction of neurotransmitters with receptors can also set up dynamic processes that can alter neuronal potential either by activation or inhibition, and how neurons react strongly when neurotransmitters connect to their receptors. When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor in a postsynaptic neuron, the neuron in the neuron’s connection is terminated. Neurotransmitter molecules leave receptors and an enzyme dissociates the neurotransmitter. The dissociated chemicals re-enter the neuron with the help of a transport molecule that opens the membrane of the neuron, called the carrier. The enzymes are released again when they reach inside the neuron. Often, in the absence of drugs, the cycle of release, dissociation, and regeneration helps in maintaining the quantity of neurotransmitters at the synapse, hence neuron transduction, within certain limits. When the drug reaches the brain, there is some significant increase or decrease in the process of neurotransmission.

Effect of drugs:
Psychotropic drugs exhibit their effects through alteration in synaptic activity. These changes, in the end, alter the function of the neurotransmitter. While some psychotropic drugs block the effects of certain neurotransmitters, also called antagonists. Information on drug-converted synaptic events does not lead to an automatic understanding of drug effects on behavior or mood. A complex network like the nervous system may have hundreds of intermediate responses between drug effects and final character. Knowledge of the effects of the drug environment however has enriched our understanding of both common and uncommon neurochemistry and neurophysiology. A single receptor is responsible to release a particular neurotransmitter. This varies depending on the formation of a neurotransmitter binding site, a flexible receptor component for the binding of neurotransmitter, function, and availability of neurons within the nervous system, and substances that can act as agonists or receptor-containing antagonists. The most important receptors of dopamine postsynaptic neurons are called D and D receptors. These are present in the brain, in the striatum region that mainly controls the motor responses. Despite the common effects of attracting inefficiency, strong movement, vomiting, and psychosis are the same for the receptors, only one (D) uses adenylate cyclase mediating acceptance response and agents that act as opponents in each case. Also, D receptors block it, and D receptors are fun. D receptors are presynaptic autoreceptors that block the dopamine neuron. A lot of research efforts are carried out for the diagnostics as well as localization of new neurotransmitter receptor variants and potential chemical exposure act as elected agonists or individual opponents. With this additional information, it is hoped that drugs may be possible are designed to prevent or irritate brain regions selectively, providing advanced treatment.